Bryophytes

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are ancient non-flowering plants known as bryophytes.

They’ve been around for 400 million years.

One of bryophytes’ many benefits is that they absorb and store carbon.

What we need to do

Many-leaved pocket-moss, Dartmoor oak woods Sharon Pilkington

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About

Bryophytes are a group of ancient non-flowering plants that includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Some are found in damp and sheltered environments. Others have adapted to extreme conditions such as heat and drought. They can be found everywhere, from lawns and walls to dunes and rivers. One group of mosses is even found on Devon’s toxic copper mine spoil heaps. 

Tiny bryophytes are often overlooked but play a vital environmental role. They absorb carbon, hold water, help to create peat bogs and provide habitats for microorganisms. Because they’re sensitive to pollution and changes in their habitat, many species are helpful indicators of a healthy environment. 

Devon’s diverse range of habitats and mild and wet climate mean around two-thirds of the UK’s 1,000 species of bryophyte are found here. Thirty-five species are listed as Devon Species of Conservation Concern. 11 of these are identified as Focus Species that need specific action or attention. 

For this strategy the 11 Focus Species have been put into six groups based on their habitat requirements. However, these groups don’t include the peat bogs, valley mires and fens which are some of Devon’s most valuable bryophyte habitats. These habitats are largely found on Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Pebblebed Heaths and in the Blackdown Hills. 

Wet peat habitats are particularly important for Sphagnum communities, which have a colourful array of different species. Some of the most critical are fed by base-rich groundwater and these may have scarce species, including rigid bogmoss (Sphagnum teres) and slender cow-horn bogmoss (Sphagnum subsecundum).

In Devon, we have a particular responsibility for the many-leaved pocketmoss, rabbit moss and large Atlantic pocketmoss, which are classed as Devon Special Species.

Key pressures and opportunities

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Habitat management

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Lack of woodland and grassland management can mean bryophytes get insufficient light or are overgrown by other vegetation. 

Funding (such as agri-environment) and more understanding of the value of bryophytes are opportunities to improve habitat management. 

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Nitrogen

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Increased nitrogen from sources such as agriculture (especially poultry and dairy), sewage and vehicles can harm bryophytes by causing algal growth and bleaching or by making the soil too nutrient-rich. There is huge public pressure to reduce pollution. However this is largely focused on water pollution rather than soils. 

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Climate change

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Drier and hotter summers can kill moisture-dependent bryophytes, especially those in exposed situations. More frequent and intense rainfall can lead to loss of habitat through flooding, erosion and loss of bank side trees. However, some bryophytes will benefit from climate change.

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Recreation

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Erosion caused by high levels of trampling can easily harm tiny bryophytes. However, some species need open habitats which human trampling can help to maintain. Site management should be sensitive to these needs. 

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Water quality

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Poor water quality (high levels of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, other pollutants and silt) affects bryophytes dependent on clean water. There is now huge public pressure to improve water quality. 

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Conservation projects

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Some organisations are focusing conservation efforts to directly or indirectly help bryophytes. See Case studies below and link to the LNRS delivery map. However, many of these projects receive short-term funding. 

What we need to do and where

Priority

Increase the abundance and distribution of bryophytes across Devon, particularly those identified as Focus Species. 

Focus species

For this strategy, the 11 bryophytes listed as Focus Species are in six groups based on their habitat requirements. The exact location of bryophytes is not mapped in the LNRS, but they can be found on the National Biodiversity Network (see link in Find Out More). 

Some items below are classed as Devon special species.

Dartmoor and Exmoor rainforest river ravines

The rivers and streams flowing through Dartmoor and Exmoor’s ancient oak temperate rainforests provide perfect conditions for bryophytes.

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The diversity of physical conditions (light, humidity, topography and microhabitats) in these wooded ravines allows a huge range of bryophytes to thrive. They are found on riverbanks, trees, ravine walls and on stones in the rivers. Characteristic species include little shaggy-moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus), western earwort (Scapania gracilis) and prickly featherwort (Plagiochila spinulosa). 

Most species found in this habitat aren’t threatened, but six are listed as Devon Species of Conservation Concern. These include river pocket-moss (Fissidens rivularis), found on Exmoor, and Girgensohn’s bog-moss (Sphagnum girgensohnii), found on the upper Dart, the only known site for this species in the south-west. Two are listed as Focus Species. 

Many-leaved pocketmoss Fissidens polyphyllus

The many-leaved pocket-moss is one of our largest mosses. It’s rare in the UK, so Devon is of high national importance as it’s abundant in Dendle’s Wood National Nature Reserve and ancient woodlands along the River Dart. 

Dumortier’s liverwort Dumortiera hirsute

Dumortiers liverwort is found scattered along the East Lyn River on Exmoor, within the Watersmeet SSSI, in the River Umber in Combe Martin and a few other sites. It’s vulnerable to pressure from recreation in some places, including Watersmeet, and its habitat lacks statutory protection in Combe Martin.

Actions

  • Protect and expand ancient woodlands along Dartmoor and Exmoor’s fast-flowing rivers. 
  • Protect rare species from recreational pressure. 

Where to focus action 

  • Temperate Rainforest Target Area, Dartmoor and Exmoor. Existing locations are largely within the South Dartmoor Woods SAC and Watersmeet SSSI. 
  • For more details See the LNRS Viewer.

Sand dunes 

The extensive dunes at Braunton Burrows and Dawlish Warren provide valuable habitat for several very rare bryophytes.

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The Braunton Burrows and Dawlish Warren dune systems support a wealth of rare species, including bryophytes. The bryophytes are easily overgrown by other vegetation and need open habitat that’s maintained by walkers, livestock or even vehicles. Other threats include dune stabilisation, work to restore habitats and sea level rise. 

Five species found in this habitat are listed as Devon Species of Conservation Concern. These include spiny-spored pygmy moss (Acaulon mediterraneum), which in Devon is only found at Dawlish Warren. Three are listed as Focus Species. 

Rabbit moss Cheilothela chloropus

Rabbit moss is a rare coastal moss only found in south Devon and north Somerset. Find out more about this moss in the Torbay limestone grasslands group below.

Large hookmoss Petalophyllum ralfsii

Large hook-moss has suffered a significant national decline. However, it has recently been rediscovered at Braunton Burrows, one of only a few sites in the south-west.

Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii

Petalwort likes trampled places in low-lying, damp sandy ground in dune slacks. In Devon, there is a population at Braunton Burrows and a smaller one at Dawlish Warren.

Actions

  • Protect and enhance habitat by maintaining short, open vegetation and reducing dog fouling to keep fertility low. 

Where to focus action 

  • Braunton Burrows / Northam Burrows and Dawlish Warren Target Areas.
  • For more details See the LNRS Viewer.

Torbay limestone grasslands

Devon is home for rare mosses which love the sunny, warm and open grasslands that grow on Torbay’s ancient limestones.

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Torbay’s coastal limestones support a wealth of rare species. Like Devon’s sand dune mosses, the small bryophytes are easily overgrown by other vegetation and need open habitat that is closely grazed (rabbits are ideal) or kept open by drought or by people or livestock trampling it. 

Seven species found in this habitat are listed as Devon Species of Conservation Concern, including twisting thread-moss (Bryum torquescens) and pretty cord moss (Entosthodod pulchellus), which is currently only known to be at Berry Head, but may be unrecorded elsewhere. Canary threadmoss (Bryum canariense) and Funk’s bryum (Bryum kunzei) are known to be in a few sites around Torquay. There are two Focus Species. 

Rabbit moss Cheilothela chloropus

Rabbit moss is a rare coastal moss only found in south Devon and north Somerset. It usually grows on south-facing unimproved limestone grasslands but can also be seen in a dune slack at Dawlish Warren. It is a Species Recovery Trust target species. 

Levier’s beardless-moss Weissia levieri

Levier’s beardless-moss was discovered at Berry Head in 2023, in similar places to rabbit moss. The only other UK populations are found in north Somerset and Wales. It’s very rare and hard to identify. 

Actions

  • Protect and enhance habitat by maintaining short, open vegetation, ideally through close grazing, and reducing dog fouling, fires and barbecues to keep fertility low.
  • Expand existing sites.

Where to focus action 

Mid reaches of rivers

The middle reaches of Devon’s rivers provide perfect conditions for two Focus Species.

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Large Atlantic pocketmoss Fissidens serrulatus

This rare moss is found along ten kilometres of the middle reaches of the River Dart. The only other English site is in Cornwall, near Penzance. 

Multi-fruited cryphaea Dendrocryphaea lamyana

Multi-fruited cryphaea is only found in south-west England and south-west Wales. In Devon, it’s found on bankside trees and rocks in the slower middle reaches of the rivers Dart, Bovey, Tamar and Taw. It’s legally protected by listing on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).

Multi-fruited cryphaea is often seen on low, exposed roots in areas that are frequently flooded. It’s threatened by pollution, changes to the watercourse due to climate change and loss of trees due to ash dieback.

Actions

  • Improve water quality.
  • Protect riverbanks from erosion, which can be caused by trampling and bankside works.

Where to focus action 

  • Middle reaches of the rivers Dart, Bovey, Tamar and Taw where the species are found.
  • For more details See the LNRS Viewer.

South Devon wooded creeks

South Devon’s wooded creeks provide perfect habitat for many species, including bryophytes.

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The low slate cliffs between the oak woodlands and estuarine mud found along south Devon’s estuaries are an important but overlooked wildlife habitat. They support some very rare and highly specialised warmth-loving bryophytes. There are two Focus Species. 

Awl-leaved ditrichum Ditrichum subulatum

This moss was recently recorded on the banks of the Tamar-Tavy estuary, below Warleigh Wood nature reserve and Blaxton Wood. Although only found in Devon and Cornwall, it’s likely to be under-recorded. It’s threatened by sea level rise. 

Turner’s threadwort Cephaloziella turneri

Turner’s threadwort is found in a few coastal creeks along the Tamar and Tavy estuary. 

Actions

  • When carrying out works in areas where these bryophytes are, protect them and their habitat. 

Where to focus action 

Coastal species 

Coastal mosses thrive in the high humidity provided by sea spray and coastal fog.

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Devon’s coasts support six species listed as Devon Species of Conservation Concern. These include Dog screwmoss (Tortula canescens), which is nationally threatened and currently only known to be in a few sites in north Devon and at Noss Mayo in south Devon. However, it is hard to identify and may be in other sites. South-west England is a stronghold for sea frillwort (Fossombronia maritima), which is found on Lundy. There are two Focus Species.

Cordate beardmoss Disymodon cordatus

In Britain, cordate beardmoss is only found on cliffs and a road bank near Saunton. It’s legally protected by listing on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). 

Solm’s screwmoss Tortula solmsii

This very rare moss is only found on an estuarine cliff on the River Otter and a few sites in western Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. The Otter population is at risk of being swamped by vegetation such as ivy. 

Actions

  • Manage competing vegetation such as ivy on walls along the Otter estuary where Solm’s screwmoss is found. Protect habitat supporting cordate beardmoss. 

Where to focus action

  • The Otter estuary SSSI and the North Devon Coastal Wildbelt.
  • For more details See the LNRS Viewer.

Actions for all Bryophytes

Habitat management

Bryophytes are found in all habitats across Devon and will benefit from the generic actions set out on the Habitat pages. See the list of Devon Species of Conservation Concern to find out which habitats support these species. Anyone managing habitats with rare bryophytes should be aware of their needs.

Some Devon habitats are critically important for bryophytes. These include: 

Inspiration

Case studies

There’s lots of great work going on across Devon for bryophytes. For example:

Torbay limestone grasslands 

The Species Recovery Trust is working with Torbay Coast and Countryside Trust to improve habitat for rabbit moss on Torbay’s limestone grasslands. 

Find out more: The Species Recovery Trust.

Bryophytes in temperate rainforests 

Plantlife and the Woodland Trust are working to raise the profile of bryophytes in temperate rainforests. 

Plantlife has produced an interactive toolkit.

You can find more projects on the xxxxx. If you are helping bryophytes please add your project to the map. 

Where to visit

Please do not pick or damage any bryophytes. Always follow the Countryside Code and keep to footpaths and sites which are managed for public access.

Public sites 

Sites that are accessible to the public and good places to see bryophytes include: East Dartmoor woods and heaths, Dendles Wood, Berry Head and Dawlish Warren National Nature Reserves and Braunton Burrows. 

For information on visiting these and other sites see the Explore Devon website. 

Find out more

The British Bryological Society (BBS) website has more information on individual bryophytes (the Species Finder is under the Learning tab).

Species records can be found on the NBN Atlas which receives records from the British Bryological Society every 5-7 years. Records were last shared in July 2024. Note that Devon Biodiversity Records Centre does not currently have a data sharing agreement with BBS.

Find out about the Devon Bryophyte Group.

Woodland managers: Rainforest lichens and bryophytes – a toolkit for woodland managers.

The Species Recovery Trust has more information on Rabbit moss.

The interactive map of the Lost Rainforests of Britain shows temperate rainforests. You can use filters to see hotspots for moss, lichen and liverworts.

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